Facts about Racism

Racism has been conflated with earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict.

Debates over the origins of racism often suffer from a lack of clarity over the term.

Racism is to be distinguished from "racialism," which W.E.B.

A number of international treaties have sought to end racism.

Racism has gone through a process of increasing occurrence and severity as people of different races encountered each other; from discriminatory attitudes, to genocide, to the establishment of social structures institutionalizing racial segregation.

Works like Gobineau's An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1855) attempted to frame racism within the terms of biological difference among human beings.

Human "zoos" bolstered popular racism by connecting it to scientific racism: people of different races were both objects of public curiosity and of anthropology and anthropometry.

Racism did not end with the U.S. Civil War, however.

Organizations and institutions that practice racism discriminate against and marginalize a class of people who share a common racial designation.

Scientific racism refers to the use of science (or the veneer of science) to justify and support racist beliefs.

Many use the term "racism" to refer to more general phenomena, such as xenophobia (fear of other races) and ethnocentrism.

Emancipated African Americans in the United States still had to struggle against institutional racism, forced segregation, violation of voting rights, and even terrorism.

Racism is defined as the predication of decisions and policies on considerations of race for the purpose of subordinating a racial group and maintaining control over that group.

Some scientists argued against biological reinforcement of racism, even if they believed that biological races existed.

The term "radio" is also used for the equipment used to receive these transmissions, and the radio-frequency waves are known as "radio waves."

Finally, in the era of globalized society, racism is now officially condemned by international bodies such as the United Nations and the European Union, as well as by numerous states.

Institutional racism is often more difficult to identify but no less destructive.

Scientific racism is the use of scientific arguments to support belief in differences among races.

Anti-Semitism is a specific case of racism targeting the Jewish people, although scholars argue whether it should be considered a sui generis species or not.

Structural or institutional racism involves social structures that promote racism.

Racism can more narrowly refer to a system of oppression, such as institutional racism, that is based on the idea of one race's superiority over other races.

Some people consider this to be a form of racism.

Racism refers to various beliefs maintaining that the essential value of an individual can be determined according to a perceived or ascribed racial category and that social discrimination by race is therefore justifiable.

Attempts have been made to clearly distinguish those phenomena from racism as an ideology or from scientific racism, which has little to do with actual xenophobia.

Individual racism consists of overt acts by individuals, which can directly cause death, injury, or the destruction of property.

Notions of race and racism often have played central roles in such ethnic conflicts.

By definition, one who practices racism is known as a racist.

Racism can be overt or subtle, and there are two closely related forms: individuals acting against other individuals and one community acting against another.

Racism may be expressed individually, through explicit and implicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially, through institutions that promote inequalities among "races," as in institutional racism.

Emancipated African Americans in the United States still had to struggle against institutional racism, forced segregation, violation of voting rights, and even terrorism.