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Facts about Napoleon

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Weapons and technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but eighteenth-century operational strategy underwent massive restructuring.

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The Pope had expected Italy in return, and was frustrated when Napoleon insisted on being crowned king of Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy at Milan's cathedral on May 26, 1805.

image: n7.alamy.com
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Portugal did not comply with this Continental System and in 1807 Napoleon sought Spain's support for an invasion of Portugal.

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When Spain refused, Napoleon invaded Spain as well.

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Napoleon negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the papacy, seeking to reconcile the mostly Catholic population with his regime.

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After the Imperial regalia had been blessed by the Pope, Napoleon crowned himself before crowning his wife Josйphine as Empress (the moment depicted in David's famous painting, illustrated at right).

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Some attribute this impulse as owing something to Napoleon's vision, which included a common infrastructure and a common legal code for his whole empire.

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A Fourth Coalition was assembled the following year, and Napoleon defeated Prussia at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (October 14, 1806).

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Had Russia withdrawn without France doing anything the other countries would have followed suit and revolted against Napoleon.

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The Russians then repeatedly avoided battle with the Grande Armйe, although in a few cases only because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity presented itself.

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The movements of national unification and the rise of the nation state, notably in Italy and Germany, may have been precipitated by the Napoleonic rule of those areas.

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The first sign that the alliance was deteriorating was the easing of the application of the Continental System in Russia, angering Napoleon.

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At age nine, Napoleon was admitted to a French military school at Brienne-le-Chвteau, a small town near Troyes, on May 15, 1779.

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Following this, a new peace was signed between Austria and France—and in the following year the Austrian Archduchess Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma married Napoleon, following his divorce of Josephine.

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A brief attempt at resistance was offered at Smolensk (August 16-17), but the Russians were defeated in a series of battles in the area and Napoleon resumed the advance.

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The arsenic severely weakened Napoleon and remained in his system.

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The lead investigator, Ivan Ricordel (head of toxicology for the Paris Police), stated that if arsenic had been the cause, Napoleon would have died years earlier.

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The dominant influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, Maria Letizia Ramolino.

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Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within earshot of Ney's forces, shouted "Soldiers of the Fifth, you recognize me.

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The Russians under Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly ingeniously avoided a decisive engagement that Napoleon longed for, preferring to retreat ever deeper into the heart of Russia.

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At the urging of his marshals, Napoleon abdicated on April 6, in favor of his son.

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Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background and family connections afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time.

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Napoleon had asked in his will to be buried on the banks of the Seine, but was buried on Saint Helena.

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The Russians retreated and Napoleon was able to enter Moscow, assuming that the fall of Moscow would end the war and that Alexander I would negotiate peace.

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Britain failed to evacuate Malta and Egypt as promised, and protested against France's annexation of Piedmont, and Napoleon's Act of Mediation in Switzerland (although neither of these areas was covered by the Treaty of Amiens).

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The Concordat gave more power over the Church to the State, but Napoleon underestimated its effect.

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At the same time, Austria unexpectedly broke its alliance with France and Napoleon was forced to assume command of forces on the Danube and German fronts.

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By 1805 Britain was unwillingly drawn to a Third Coalition against Napoleon, after he made it clear that he wouldn't stop his expansive wars in the continent.

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Between 1809 and 1813, Napoleon also served as Regent of the Grand Duchy of Berg for his brother Louis Bonaparte.

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Napoleon, in an attempt to gain increased support from Polish nationalists and patriots, termed the war the "Second Polish War" (the first Polish war being the liberation of Poland from Russia, Prussia and Austria).

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Napoleon's final defeat came at the hands of the Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blьcher at the Battle of Waterloo in present-day Belgium on June 18, 1815.

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Napoleon is credited with introducing the concept of the modern professional conscript army to Europe, an innovation that other states eventually followed.

image: www.wnd.com
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The Napoleonic Code was adopted throughout much of Europe and remained in force after Napoleon's defeat.

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Napoleon was hated by his many enemies, but respected by them at the same time.

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Contrary to popular belief, Napoleon was actually slightly taller than an average Frenchman of the nineteenth century.

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Despite these initial successes, however, the numbers continued to mount against Napoleon as Sweden and Austria joined the Coalition.

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Napoleon's brother Joseph, who was leading the peace negotiations in Lunйville, reported that due to British backing for Austria, Austria would not recognize France's newly gained territory.

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Within the month, fearing loss of control back in France, Napoleon left Moscow.

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More recent analysis on behalf of the magazine Science et Vie showed that similar concentrations of arsenic can be found in Napoleon's hair in samples taken from 1805, 1814 and 1821.

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Sick for much of his time on Saint Helena, Napoleon died on May 5, 1821.

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The cause of Napoleon's death has been disputed on numerous occasions, and the controversy remains to this day.

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Napoleon believed that religion was necessary for social order and sought to strike a deal to the papacy that would bring the bishops in line.

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The metric system was introduced during the French First Republic, but was not in widespread use until after Napoleon's death.

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Napoleon was imprisoned and then exiled by the British to the island of Saint Helena (2,800 kilometers off the Bight of Guinea in the South Atlantic Ocean) from October 15, 1815.

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Napoleon installed one of his marshals and brother-in-law, Joachim Murat, as the king of Naples, and his brother Joseph Bonaparte, as king of Spain.

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After this Napoleon withdrew in an orderly fashion back into France, but his army was now reduced to less than 100,000 against more than half a million Allied troops.

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Heartened by Napoleon's losses in Russia, Prussia soon rejoined the Coalition that now included Russia, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Portugal.

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Francesco Antommarchi, Napoleon's personal physician, gave stomach cancer as a reason for Napoleon's death in his death certificate.

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The Allies, however, demanded unconditional surrender and Napoleon abdicated again, unconditionally, on April 11.

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Her firm discipline helped restrain the rambunctious Napoleon, nicknamed Rabullione (the "meddler" or "disrupter").

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Napoleon served on garrison duty in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789 (although he took nearly two years of leave in Corsica and Paris during this period).

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Napoleon ignored repeated advice against an invasion of the vast Russian heartland, and prepared his forces for an offensive campaign.

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King Louis XVIII sent the Fifth Regiment, led by Marshal Michel Ney who had formerly served under Napoleon in Russia, to meet him at Grenoble on March 7, 1815.

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Napoleon also rejected requests to free the Russian serfs, fearing this might provoke a conservative reaction in his rear.

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On June 22, 1812, Napoleon's invasion of Russia commenced.

image: wio.ru
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Napoleon extended French influence, including to the Arab world through his invasion of Egypt, which was subsequently drawn into European politics.

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After receiving the news of the death of Patroclus from Antilochus, the son of King Nestor, Achilles grieved over his friend and held many funeral games in his honor.

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Napoleon appointed several members of the Bonaparte family and close friends of his as monarchs of countries he conquered and as important government figures (his brother Lucien became France's Minister of Finance).

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Aside from his military achievements, Napoleon is also remembered for the establishment of the Napoleonic Code.

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Napoleon's biggest influence in the military sphere was in the conduct of warfare.

The Napoleonic Code (French: Code Napoléon; officially Code civil des Français, referred to as (le) Code civil) is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804.

Napoleon Bonaparte (August 15, 1769 to May 5, 1821) was a military general and the first emperor of France who is considered one of the world's greatest military leaders.Aug 30, 2017

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799).

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