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Facts about Sonar

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The LUIS is another imaging sonar for use by a diver.

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Sonars have been developed for measuring a ship's velocity either relative to the water or to the bottom.

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SODAR—which is an upward-looking, in-air sonar—is used for atmospheric investigations.

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Sonars have continued to be developed by many countries, including Russia, for both military and civil uses.

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The term species also is central to evolutionary studies, and is generally presented as the principal unit of evolution.

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Biomass estimation uses sonar to detect fish, etc.

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An imitation of the humpback whale's sonar was conducted in the redirection of Humphrey the whale, who deviated from his normal migration path to enter San Francisco Bay.

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Relatively simple sonars such as echo sounders can be promoted to seafloor classification systems via add-on modules, converting echo parameters into sediment type.

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Processing from the sonobuoys or dipping sonar can be on the aircraft or on ship.

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The signal is naturally attenuated by distance, but modern sonar systems are very sensitive, i.e.

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Sonars which act as beacons are fitted to aircraft to allow their location in the event of a crash in the sea.

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Military sonars often have multiple beams to provide all-round cover while simple ones only cover a narrow arc.

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Many new types of military sonar were developed.

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One useful small sonar looks roughly like a waterproof flashlight.

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Active sonar can also be used as a deterrent and/or disablement mechanism.

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Mine Countermeasure (MCM) Sonar is a specialized type of sonar used for detecting small objects.

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Sonars have been developed that can be used to characterize the sea bottom into, for example, mud, sand, and gravel.

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In World War II, the Americans used the term SONAR for their systems, coined as the equivalent of RADAR.

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Fishing can be filled with excitement, joy, and thrill often in awesome natural environments.

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Special short range sonars have been developed to allow measurements of water velocity.

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In 1916, under the British Board of Invention and Research, Canadian physicist Robert Boyle took on the active sonar project with A B Wood, producing a prototype for testing in mid-1917.

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An example of a hull mounted MCM sonar is the Type 2093 while the SSQ-32 mine hunting sonar is a VDS design.

image: saab.com
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Low frequency sonars such as GLORIA have been used for continental shelf wide surveys while high frequency sonars are used for more detailed surveys of smaller areas.

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Some marine animals, such as whales and dolphins, use echolocation systems similar to active sonar to locate predators and prey.

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Side scan sonars can be used to derive maps of the topography of an area by moving the sonar across it just above the bottom.

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The display of most passive sonars used to be a two-dimensional waterfall display.

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An explanation of their operation is given in synthetic aperture sonar.

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Intermittent sound sources (such as a wrench being dropped) may also be detectable to passive sonar.

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Helicopters can be used for antisubmarine warfare by deploying fields of active/passive sonobuoys or can operate dipping sonar, such as the AQS-13.

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Having heard the signal, it is easy to identify the type of sonar (usually with its frequency) and its position (with the sound wave's energy).

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The U.S. Sonar QB set arrived in 1931.

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Various synthetic aperture sonars have been built in the laboratory and some have entered use in mine-hunting and search systems.

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Active sonar is also used to measure distance through water between two sonar transducers or a combination of a hydrophone (underwater acoustic microphone) and projector (underwater acoustic speaker).

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Mines (acoustic mines) may be fitted with a sonar to detect, localize, and recognize the required target.

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Today, commercial fishing vessels rely almost completely on acoustic sonar and sounders to detect fish.

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Research on sonar and underwater sound was expanded greatly, particularly in the US.

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Limpet Mine Imaging Sonar (LIMIS) is a hand-held or ROV-mounted imaging sonar designed for patrol divers (combat frogmen or clearance divers) to look for limpet mines in low visibility water.

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SONAR (SOund Navigation And Ranging) — or sonar — is a technique that uses sound propagation under water (primarily) to navigate, communicate, or detect other vessels.

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Simple sonars generally use the former with a filter wide enough to cover possible Doppler changes due to target movement, while more complex ones generally include the latter technique.

image: api.ning.com
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The frequencies used in sonar systems vary from infrasonic to ultrasonic.

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Modern torpedoes are generally fitted with an active/passive sonar.

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Dedicated sonars can be fitted to ships and submarines for underwater communication.

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Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation.

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Companies such as Marport Canada, Wesmar, Furuno, Krupp, and Simrad make a variety of sonar and acoustic instruments for the deep sea commercial fishing industry.

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Integrated Navigation Sonar System (INSS) is a small flashlight-shaped handheld sonar for divers that displays range.

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The sonar hydrophones may be towed behind the ship or submarine in order to reduce the effect of noise generated by the watercraft itself.

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The sonar arrays may be hull mounted or towed.

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Sonar can be used to detect frogmen and other scuba divers.

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When active sonar is used, scattering occurs from small objects in the sea as well as from the bottom and surface.

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Using active sonar is somewhat hazardous however, since it does not allow the sonar to identify the target, and any vessel around the emitting sonar will detect the emission.

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The sonar is an echo-sounder with a directional capability that can show fish or other objects around the vessel.

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Active sonar works the same way as radar: a signal is emitted.

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Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location.

image: maritime.org
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The LUIS is another imaging sonar for use by a diver.

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High-powered sonar transmitters may harm marine animals, although the precise mechanisms for this are not well understood.

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Modern naval warfare makes extensive use of sonar.

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Some civilian sonars approach active military sonars in capability, with quite exotic three-dimensional displays of the area near the boat.

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Until recently, ship sonars were usually with hull mounted arrays, either amidships or at the bow.

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The Tarikh-i-Firishta records that Sikandar persecuted the Hindus and issued orders proscribing the residence of any other than Muslims in Kashmir.

image: dosits.org
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Passive sonar has a wide variety of techniques for identifying the source of a detected sound.

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Similarly, to overcome reverberation, an active sonar needs to transmit in a narrow beam.

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Small sonars have been fitted to Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) and Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV) to allow their operation in murky conditions.

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Submarines rely on sonar to a greater extent than surface ships as they cannot use radar at depth.

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Passive sonar systems may have large sonic databases, however final classification is generally performed manually by the sonar operator.

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Passive sonar on vehicles is usually severely limited because of noise generated by the vehicle.

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Sonar operation is affected by variations in sound speed, particularly in the vertical plane.

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Environmental impacts of the operation of active sonar are required to be carried out by U.S. law.

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A kind of sonar called mid-frequency sonar has been correlated with mass cetacean strandings throughout the world's oceans, and has therefore been singled out by environmentalists as causing the death of marine mammals.

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At the start of WWII British sonar technology was transferred to the US.

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A song commemorating Mark Rothko was penned by Dar Williams for her album, The Honesty Room.

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Procedures for minimizing the impact of sonar are developed in each case where there is significant impact.

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The target signal (if present) together with noise is then passed through various forms of signal processing, which for simple sonars may be just energy measurement.

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In 1948, with the formation of NATO, standardization of signals led to the dropping of ASDIC in favor of sonar.

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Work on sonar had also been carried out in many other counties, notably in Germany.

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Active sonar creates a pulse of sound, often called a "ping," and then listens for reflections (echo) of the pulse.

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