Mark Barton's answer is basically right, though for incidental solos often a bass clarinet player will double rather than hiring an outside musician. (Depends on the orchestra.) If it is a concerto or solo piece like the Debussy Rhapsodie, it will be a guest soloist. read more
No. Only in a symphonic band, like the one in which I played clarinet in high school. Saxophones and other brass reed instruments were not invented till the mid-19th century, long after the layout of the symphony orchestra was established. read more
There are a fair number of classical works with saxophone in the orchestra (though the proportion of symphonic works with saxophone is very small). Your friends Google and Wikipedia can probably give you a nice list, and others may cite some in their answers to your question. read more
A symphony orchestra itself is a group of about 100 musicians divided by their instruments into four sections: strings (i.e., violin, viola, cello), woodwinds (i.e., flute, bassoon, clarinet), brass (i.e., trumpet, French horn, tuba), and percussion (i.e., timpani, cymbals, xylophone). read more