Can all animals feel pain?

Each species shows pain in different ways. Dogs may yelp and we'd notice a behavioural change, but prey species are unlikely to advertise vulnerability to predators. read more

Mammals share the same nervous system, neurochemicals, perceptions, and emotions, all of which are integrated into the experience of pain, says Marc Bekoff, evolutionary biologist and author. Whether mammals feel pain like we do is unknown, Bekoff says—but that doesn’t mean they don’t experience it. read more

We know that animals certainly feel physical pain, but what is less clear is whether this emotional suffering that we feel can be said to be true of animals. And if it is, how we go about measuring it. read more