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How are red giants and white dwarfs formed?

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Figure 12.1. Image credit. Diagram showing the evolution of a Sun-like star, from protostar to red giant. After this, the core will become a white dwarf, while the outer layers will form a planetary nebula. read more

Smaller stars than the sun, down towards the red area of the main sequence instead simply lack the mass to fuse the heavier elements and so wont become red giants but simply burn out and go straight into being white dwarves. read more

Diagram showing the evolution of a Sun-like star, from protostar to red giant. After this, the core will become a white dwarf, while the outer layers will form a planetary nebula. read more

In 2017, an international team of astronomers identified the surface of the red giant π Gruis in detail using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope. They found that the red giant's surface has just a few convective cells, or granules, that are each about 75 million miles (120 million kilometers) across. read more

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