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How did computers with vacuum tubes work?

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In first gen computers vaccum tube were used as switch kind of similar to transistors in modern computers. They were used to represent binary digits on and off tube representing 1 and 0. Surprisingly ENIAC represented decimal instead of binary numbers. read more

I presume you mean “computers built from vacuum tubes”. They worked exactly like today’s computers, except slower, bigger and with less memory. See Universal Turing machine. read more

This requires special pumps which can make very "hard" vacuums. To make a good tube, the pump must make a vacuum with no more than a millionth of the air pressure at sea level (one microTorr, in official technical jargon). The "harder" the vacuum, the better the tube will work and the longer it will last. read more

Vacuum tubes can be tested outside of their circuitry using a vacuum tube tester. Other vacuum tube devices. Most small signal vacuum tube devices have been superseded by semiconductors, but some vacuum tube electronic devices are still in common use. The magnetron is the type of tube used in all microwave ovens. read more

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