How does trauma and substance abuse alter the brain structure?

Symptoms of PTSD are hypothesized to represent the behavioral manifestation of stress-induced changes in brain structure and function. Stress ..... read more

I’ve seen first-hand how substance abuse alters the brain—my cousin. By the time we were teenagers, he was in and out of various facilities and never happy. It wore a lot on our family, and he was violent toward a few and himself. read more

After any type of trauma (from combat to car accidents, natural disasters to domestic violence, sexual assault to child abuse), the brain and body change. Every cell records memories and every embedded, trauma-related neuropathway has the opportunity to repeatedly reactivate. read more