How is bladder cancer stratified?

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer risk stratification. Isharwal S(1), Konety B(1). Author information: (1)Department of Urology, Institute for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. read more

Through these procedures, the main and most important question can be addressed: if the tumor is confined within the bladder wall, or it has spread through the bladder wall to the abdomen or pelvis-lymph nodes and other parts of the body. read more

Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/SUO Guideline provides a risk-stratified clinical framework for the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Diagnosis and use of urine markers is discussed in addition to variant histologies, resection, intravesical therapy, BCG therapy, cystectomy, enhanced cystoscopy, and patient follow up. read more

Evidence synthesis: Based on this review, the IBCG provided a summary on the epidemiology of NMIBC and recommendations for the staging, grading, and risk stratification of the disease. Conclusions: Urologists should record the smoking habits of patients and monitor for possible occupational exposure to urothelial carcinogens. read more