Turbulence is measured by means of suitable instrumentation like hot-wire anemometers (often called CTA or constant temperature anemometers with reference to the operating principle) or laser-Doppler anemometers (LDA) and more recently with particle-imaging velocimetry (PIV). read more
Turbulence is commonly observed in everyday phenomena such as surf, fast flowing rivers, billowing storm clouds, or smoke from a chimney, and most fluid flows occurring in nature and created in engineering applications are turbulent. read more