How was gunpowder produced in the Middle Ages?

Carefully. Essentially, they made charcoal, mixed in a nitrate such as potassium nitrate, and added sulphur before wetting it with water or alcohol to stop it blowing up while they ground it down into a powder. read more

Artillery in the Middle Ages primarily consisted of the introduction of the cannon, large tubular firearms designed to fire a heavy projectile over a long dog. Guns, bombs, rockets and cannons were first invented in China during the Han Chinese Song Dynasty and then later spread to Europe and the Middle East during the period. read more

Gunpowder did not appear in Europe until the late 13th century. Gunpowder was initially invented in China around the early 9th century AC and spread first to the Middle East and later to Europe by trade routes. read more