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How were topographic maps originally created?

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In the late 19th century, surveyors created topographic maps in the field. A series of points were measured in the field using tape and compass traverses with elevations determined with an aneroid barometer, and used in a process known as field sketching to draw a terrain representation using contours. read more

First, measure some special points like elevation points to mark the height. Second, based on points draw lines like contours. Third, interpolate by some methods to simulate the surface. read more

Maps are made by observations, including measurements of distance, direction and altitude, made by surveyors. Primitive maps began by the simple process of people drawing what they could see, and were often more symbolic than accurate. read more

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