The Kelvin scale was desired to be and, in fact, is a scale whose 0 point is at absolute zero and the size of whose degree units is identical with the degree units of the Celsius scale. read more
Other way around. It's derived from the kelvin because the kelvin is a constant. Charles’ law is simply stating a proportional relationship. read more
It is conventional to express temperature in Celsius but you can derive "absolute zero" using any temperature scale by plotting V vs T at constant pressure then find the T where V is zero. Negative volume is physically meaningless so the T where volume crosses zero seems to be some sort of absolute minimum for temperature. read more
Charles' law can be summarized like this: #v_1# / #t_1# = #v_2# / #t_2# Imagine you used temperatures in Celcius, it would be possible to have a gas at a temp of 0 degrees Celcius. read more