Dragonplate Armor and Shields both need a dragon bone in order improve them while Dragonplate Helmets, Gauntlets and Boots need dragon scales. Additionally, as of the Dawnguard DLC, they can also be used to craft weapons as well. These are largely forged from Dragon bones, leather, and Ebony ingots. read more
If you are a master at smithing, you can use dragon scales and bones to make Dragon Armor. It is one of the best in the game. It requires either Daedric Smithing or Glass smithing AND 100 levels in smithing in order to create it. read more