In the real world, essentially all ecosystems are open ecosystems. The concept of a closed ecosystem is more useful as a theoretical idea than an actual reality. read more
In an open ecosystem, some of these materials enter or leave the ecosystem and to the rate and pathway variables open ecosystems are influenced by the amount of the chemical flowing into and out of the ecosystem. read more
An ecosystem is comprised of all the non-living elements and living species in a specific local environment. Components of most ecosystems include water, air, sunlight, soil, plants, microorganisms, insects and animals. Ecosystems may be terrestrial – that is, on land – or aquatic. read more