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What force holds the stars in space, i.e in other galaxies?

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A few years ago, I would have answered GRAVITY! But since then, astronomers have found that the mass of a galaxy estimated from counting the visible stars is not enough to keep it spinning at the measured speed. read more

Several scientific projects are searching for dark matter, many using detectors buried deep under ground in mines. Back in 2009, the Hubble Space Telescope had uncovered new evidence that galaxies are embedded in and protected by halos of dark matter. read more

The continuous rotation of the galaxies makes them spiral and the gravity will pull them into place. there are different types of galaxies apart from spiral, the process may take billions of years too. Dust in space will not scatter, they will be clumped and thus everything will come closer and closer and become denser with the time. read more

Space is expanding, which means that there is more space between galaxies as time goes on. But gravity can overcome that expansion - galaxies that are bound gravitationally together (such as the 2 dozen or so in our Local Group, or the galaxies in a cluster) don't participate in the expansion because they are held together by their mutual gravity. read more

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