These references have provoked the discussion on the emerging concept of "civil law estoppel". ... read more
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Swiss case law has also developed a special category of liability under article 3 of the Civil Code. Nevertheless, the direct reference to estoppel by the courts is becoming a growing trend in Lebanon and France. The Common Law Doctrine of Estoppel. read more
Estoppel in pais (literally “by act of notoriety", or "solemn formal act”) is the historical root of common law estoppel by representation and equitable estoppel. Estoppel in pais and equitable estoppel are used interchangeably in American legal parlance. read more