What minerals make up Earth's lower mantle?

From Kaminsky (2012): "Starting from the late 1980s, several groups of lower-mantle mineral inclusions in diamond have been found. Three associations were established among them: juvenile ultramafic, analogous to eclogitic, and carbonatitic. read more

Kaminsky, F., 2012: Mineralogy of the lower mantle: A review of ‘super-deep’ mineral inclusions in diamond. Earth-science reviews, v. 110, 1-4, pp. 127-147. read more

The upper part of the lithosphere is the Earth’s crust, a thin layer that is about 5 to 75 km (3.1 to 46.6 mi) thick, which is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovicic discontinuity (or “Moho”, which is defined by a sharp increase downward in the speed of earthquake waves). read more