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Which European countries never had monarchy?

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What's a monarchy? It is a political system in which all, or the bulk of the decision-making powers are held by one individual, the monarch who does not, for the most part, have to answer to any other individuals. read more

Estonia: declared independence in 1918 but occupied by the USSR from 1944-1991, Estonia had previously been a duchy under the Danish king but never a monarchy itself. Kosovo: independent since 2008, Kosovo is not a member of the UN but is recognised by a majority of countries (including almost three quarters of European ones). read more

Andorra is actually a diarchy, but it just means there are 2 monarchs (or rather, diarchs) instead of one. Still, it can be classed as a monarchy. read more

Republicanism became more prevalent in the Early Modern period, but monarchy remained predominant in Europe during the 19th century. Since the end of World War I, however, most European monarchies have been abolished. There remain, as of 2016, twelve (12) sovereign monarchies in Europe. read more

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Which European countries never had monarchy? - Quora
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